Is It Elligle To Have A Platypus

more than a popporno ... is propiopporno!

<< tu sei cattivo con me perché
ti svegli alle tre
per guardare quei film
un po’ porno >>

nn mi venite a dire che "pop porno" è una canzone del cavolo perchè finalmente nel panorama pop(porno) italiano c'è questa novità, Il Genio. una novità fatta di suoni indie/elettroindie/pornoindie inusuali per lo stivale e testi demenziali/nonsense/unpòporno. insomma finalmente si vede qualcosa di originale anche a quellicheilcalcio !

e visto che voglio portare a fondo la mia campagna pro-popporno vi lascio due video correlati all'argomento. tra l'altro in entrambi ci sono di mezzo i porn movie anni 70, e sfido chiunque a dire che non fanno ridere i porn movie anni 70.

ciao belli e tanto popporno a tutti voi






ps. un grazie a inkiostro , s empre fresca fonte di interessanti cazzate

Why Am I Urinating More

lambs angry complaint

Mr. Oizo è un fottuto di testa. i suoi lavori e sopratutto questo video ne sono una dimostrazione

il suo ultimo album "Lambs Anger" è una miscela della sua contorta mente musicale, it is permeated by a vein noise experimentalism between hallucinated, synth and fatty acids and the clear influence of disco-funk suddenly exploding into a powerful bass, guitars, saxophones and upbeat too black voices. track symbol of this "musical madness" is certainly Gay Dentist s

Bagus ragazzuoli

ps. I could also tell you how this quote Oizo to "an Andalusian dog" is easily interpreted as the French (French is Oizo) before turning to music production ran video clips, but I paste paragraphs

Wedding Decorations Sold In Edmonton

Notes on Myth

§


myth.

A very vague term, meaning a whole, vast. Once
reality, multi-faceted, tangled, immense, was converted into the story, in characters, heroes and gods.
In ... myth, mythos, story.
The myth was actually transported in the memory, inside man, with his heart and his soul.

For every circumstance of life there was a myth that explains it clearly, it is approached by metaphor and allegory.
Myth accompanied the man, helped to explain the world as a child, adolescent, adult to accept, to resign themselves to losing it once wisely at the end of life.
The reality is everything.
What Is and shows how external.
Out.

of everyone may be a part of reality, apparently of all reality, transforming it into dreams, ideas, words and concepts.
But the direct appropriation of reality is partial and incomplete.
It is basically there and of course strange, alien, Allotria.
eludes us, although, paradoxically, we can touch it, see it, hear it.
'stuff I come away with me ...'

Mazzaro He cried when he realized he would lose his stuff, because that would not have followed in the afterlife.

perceive reality is not enough to show that it is as we perceive.
may be other, different. Of this we are familiar
made of visions, ideas, concepts, and we are led to believe that external reality is just this body of knowledge that we have accumulated it.
This internal reality, we transform it into words.

Then we can write it.
writing brings us then to the fourth reality.
One of these is really effective, and intrinsic.
The others are mediated, are copies, Plato would say.
The copy of the internal reality, ie knowledge.
copying of words.

The copy of the writing.
All these moments are presented as separate school books.

§

But in the life of a man they happen often and take turns simultaneously, synchronically, diachronically how they can alternate.
childhood you have a direct, sensual reality.
Then you begin to 'bring in', transformed into images and concepts, then re communicates and relates, in the age of myth, then you write. The
is preserved in documents and manuscripts.
Writing is a system for recording with no significant signs of significant words, linked to thoughts and ideas.
But then the memory itself is a writing system.

works but at the individual level, while writing can connect more individuals able to communicate with a common code.
If the memory is a system of writing and writing marks the boundary between the stage of prehistory, long, and that the story short, one could say that in fact there never was a substantial difference between the two phases.
The difference consisted in the writing system used.

inner one, prepared in humans, in the case of prehistory, and the outer one, which he invented, in the case of the story.
The inspection came from the holy land prehistory.

By the age of myth, irrationality and memory.
But not by that age we commonly call a long prehistory, but from personal prehistory, from his childhood irrationality.

were assessed a rule of thumb, he had not read the rules naked and transparent about its tasks.

So passed the inspection, he decided not to teach Italian and go to school.

§

He taught only Latin and greek.

But you would have realized later that in fact he never stopped teaching Italian.
It was like a teacher 'classical language ’.

§

Amava la prima classe del liceo.

La quarta ginnasio.
Insegnava a leggere l’alfabeto greco.

Qualcosa che Omero stesso certo non avrebbe potuto fare.
Quel Poeta, il Padre ed il Fratello d'ogni scrittore, che sia o no esistito, come qualcuno ama congetturare, che sia stato o no a conoscenza dell'alfabeto, che abbia operato con Mnemosyne, la Memoria, più che non con pergamene e papiri, è ancora oggi l'antonomasia dello scrittore, del facitore di parole alate, destinato ad essere frainteso, esaltato e denigrato, in base alla incolta indole degli ascoltatori.
Ebbene, non possiamo fare ancora a meno di osservare che Omero, creatore Ulysses, Argo and Penelope, Telemachus and Achilles, Hector and Andromache, Menelaus of betrayals and ruthless Agamemnon killed in home, host hated in his own palace of the king of Mycenae, he could not teach Greek in our high school in what we who is blind ... can not study or learn Greek, because of laws related to the use of abstruse ... spirits ...

§ The Phoenician alphabet spread to Greece at the time of its singer Hector, Achilles, Aeneas and Ulysses.
was like being a professor and teacher together.
linguistics fascinated him the question of merger aware of the meaning and significance.
idea, image, concept combined with a sign, word, letter.

When the man had discovered the secret of language?
Maybe forever.
And always rediscovered at the end of childhood, when he began to speak and write with the knowledge to oversee the provision, or at least to desire, to try.

The writing was a very interesting activity.
All beings write.
Only man does with other objects on his person.

You can not say whether a limit or a conquest.
certainly does so by a few millennia.
Animals 'write' building dams, dams, towers, durable and perfect nests, leaving traces of itself, smells, moods.

This launch signals a lasting or ephemeral.
Even in the way of walking, to advance, to fly, to look at, to move the animal's tail 'write', they talk, they report.

Perhaps, contrary to what we think, we are animals.
Imperfetti with our exercise books, dictionaries, diskettes and CD.

Animals have a system that allows them to understand each other regardless of country of origin, by age.

Teaching and Learning admirably.

grow dozens of children, and train them all.

man during his life, barely educated a generation of children. The most prolific among
umani sono certi educatori, certi insegnanti.

§

Aveva sempre avuto il sospetto che questo accadesse per consentire loro di usufruire di lunghissimi permessi.

Conosceva professoresse che avevano avuto quattro, cinque figli.

Erano rimaste in casa per sacrosanti e legittimi congedi almeno tre o quattro anni.

Ebbene, per educare ogni figlio queste donne avrebbero impiegato venticinque anni a testa.

A qualsiasi altro animale sarebbe bastato un anno o al massimo due.

Insomma, questo geniale sistema per comunicare, il linguaggio e la scrittura, mirabili e quasi divini strumenti di comunicazione, sembrano servire più per ostacolarla ed impedirla che to facilitate it.

Like any tool, language can be used to establish contacts and communicate or to confound and confuse.

§ § §


The teachers are qualified for this task, not always the 'teachers' or teachers in general, typically spend their lives reading manuals, schematics, no books, studying and occasionally in the most unlikely, even in benches placed in the school bathrooms mismatched.

Things that study, then, have always stubbornly the same.

So, are the same questions.

Who killed and who killed this one, those who founded Rome and looted it. Who
discovered America, not knowing when it was discovered that was not called America, and those are the seven hills of Rome and its seven kings.

And so on.

§ § §


Because they are accustomed to be told that they have read the day before, the year before and so on, go on a rampage if the response is barely out of the sow.

And so do in private life.

If asked what time it is, would try to feel anguish give unexpected response.

would rather be told: time to get out of school.
That for them is the finest hour, time per antonomasia.
L'ore dell'ultima campanella.

§

Tutto quanto ha scritto il grande Tommaso Campanella è ignorato da una scuola che osanna e idolatra e ascolta solo il Suo breve cognome.

Il grande Hemingway piangerebbe di vera tristezza e non di effimera depressione nel sapere che da noi ‘per chi suona la campana’ è solo la formula perifrastica e programmatica del momento, del carpe diem più atteso: quello della fine delle brevi ore di lezione e dell’ultima ora, quella dell’uscita e della fuga dagli edifici scolastici, rampe di lancio e non luoghi d’arrivo della sapienza.

* tratto da

il ricatto silente
http://silentblackmail.blogspot.com
la persuasione silenziosa
dello scrivente

§
_________________
*
Bastò un leggero soffio
un tempo ...
adesso un uragano soltanto
mi ridarebbe la vita ...
le foglie del nespolo gldj
GldJ
Sintagma Argos
http://huayuang.blogspot.com
http://blog.libero.it/Kwandargos/view_tn.php?id=Kwandargos&gg=0&mm=0
*

Ultima modifica di eskaton il Mer Lug 23, 2008 10:07, modificato 3 volte in totale

Torna in cima


rocco55
Ippo Noob




Registrato: 27/03/08 18:15
Posts: 223

Posted: Fri Jul 18, 2008 23:30 Subject:

--------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---

I think you may be a great misunderstood, but not be lonely, a close relative of all those pure, that the life they faced on their own and to which the Catholic Christian religion has done a great Sgarro:
the Paradise obtained in many ways, but to us, including myself, have revealed just one.
do not worry about them, someone said, but look and pass, but the truth is not in the pocket of anyone. One
wrote beautiful, like a slide show, ... although some have already read.
Rocco55
Back to top



Eskaton
Ippo Noob




Joined: 01/03/2008 21:49
Posts: 132 Location
: Petra Rigel
Posted: Sun July 20, 2008 12:27 Subject: responsum

------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------


§

there is a new bike black and gray ... and Benedikt ...

Incom \\ got ... ? No ... The important thing is the compression ...

wound but no dove immense flocks to Africa ...

Thanks for nice words.
'm beginning to believe that mistakes are the salt
della vita e d'ogni minestrone d'agenzia turistica ...

C'è un errore ortografico nella Costituzione che nessuno è riuscito a cambiare
o correggere e si è preferito addirittura inserire una eccezione nelle nostre regole ortografiche ... grammaticali ...

... Quell'errore adesso è lecito ...

humanumst errare ... pulchrum bis errorem facere ... melius tamen non perseverare ...

amo la nostra Costituzione quanto la più umile e modesta ... Carta dei diritti e dei doveri nella Scuola scritta per la mia scuola.

nel 1986 il Presidente della Camera dei Deputati mi fece omaggio proprio di un libro della Costituzione.


Un cordialissimo saluto ...

§

_________________

* A gentle breath
a time ...
now a hurricane only
I would restore the lives ...
the leaves of the loquat gldj
GldJ
Syntagma Argos
http://huayuang.blogspot.com
http://blog.libero.it/Kwandargos/view_tn.php?id=Kwandargos&gg=0&mm=0




§ § § §



philosophia
contextual aesthetic

metadromi

§


Plato


If you happen to find yourself in the life of slaves with chains, then maybe processed in computers before its time, to the proper administration of family, education of the 'pueri', or gladiators, or the rowers Galeao, or absorbed in something, you think, if you have delusions of grandeur, to Benjamin ... Ben Hur.

Or if you're more or less popular writers, the rest comes from the word 'money', think of him, but the Athenian aristocrat friend, friendly and knowledgeable of every citizen, the philosopher who was known for broad shoulders Plato.

Among the experiences they had, there was also that of slavery, and it is regrettable to think that its democracy, some members of Attica, even now much loved and praised, arketipo of Athens, led Socrates, the philosopher in search of themselves in every seed of wisdom, Plato's death sentence and the temporary loss of freedom, so dear to the Danai.

the same as the rest of Athens was first ostracized Aristides the Just, allontanadolo the polis with a type of vote that it planned to write, scratch or dent, the name of the citizen to be expelled from the polis on a shell: Ostrakon.

They were young, or women to tell the truth to hunt these people, because to vote, to judge the men were, however, born to young women and one day.

And tell us what the actors famous, historical memory of the custom, the 'Mores', by Sophocles, the genius of the playwright, to which Freud 'borrowed' the myth of Oedipus to turn it into a 'complex', familiarization and emphasizing the tragic essence? From

old was accused of being insane and taken to court
... by children.

Why is an old habit of using cone Judges and Doctors deterrent and not as a therapeutic priests of Zeus, the God of Guests and Aliens, and Asklepio, son of Apollo, god of light, but also of the Labyrinth.

read Sophocles' Antigone to the judges, her work 'last'.

The story of brotherly love of a sister to two brothers in war.
Eteocles and Polynices. They were
sons of Jocasta and Oedipus in Thebes, now without a sphinx without Enigma and filled with a great desire to find a culprit who knows what to blame. The judges acquitted

Sofolce.

do not know how true it is, in any news
But probably, as said by some Latin summum jus, summa injuria ...

Acquitted Sophocles might have been appropriate to give even an exhortation to the children, a warning not to use Doctors as judges and clubs, not to play with Phoebus.

§

Moreover the same Solon, creator of the Athenian Constitution classic par excellence, had been forced to flee from Athens, after giving to his fellow citizens 'Karta', the Costituzione che prese il suo nome.

... Mentre scrivo, il pensiero va al Fedro, ove Platone traccia una interpretazione dell'anima umana vicinissima a quella attuale.
Un cavallo nero, le passioni e le pulsioni, i desideri e gli appetiti, tira impetuosamente un cocchio insieme ad un destriero bianco, che raffigura il lògos, la capacità di progettare e misurare obiettivi e forze.

L' auriga cerca di dominare l'irruenza del cavallo nero e di assecondare la docilità del cavallo bianco.

Il cavallo bianco è capace di imparare dietro qualche insegnamento, è docile, da doceo, insegno.

Ma il comportamento del cavallo nero rischia di rendere pericoloso o almeno rischioso il viaggio.

Compito della filosofia è comprendere e conoscere, della matematica arrivare all'essenza numerica della conoscenza, dell'arte sublimare ed eternare universalizzandole le emozioni e le sensazioni.

Tutte queste cose sono dirette splendidamente al cavallo bianco, all'anima logica.

E per il cavallo nero, chi si ingegnerà ad escogitare un filo per uscire dal labirinto delle emozioni tumultuose ed incamminarsi in sereno sentiero?

In realtà, sembra strano se non stravagante, è proprio l'universo caotico di questo cavallo a generare la materia prima, l'energia e la spinta dell'attività epistemica dell'uomo nella sua interezza.

E' per domare the impulses of his formidable ego contained the storm he creates art and philosophy, the mother of all knowledge, of all knowledge.

For Plato art is born from a divine spark, the theia mania, which generates inspiration, but these would be useless without the Tekne, the technical expert craftsman, writer.


Even Tekno would be nothing without the moment of divine madness that subjugates the poet, who as a soothsayer, a priest of Apollo feels taken, possessed, and talks by expressing a message that is part of his invention, and in part energy motivation that comes from God.

Madness, 'mania', but divine madness or mania, creative and capable of transmitting knowledge.
technique, but technique that was born after a divine impulse.

That is something rational, logical working on a plot illogical, irrational, almost to the madness.


§ § §

The theme of madness was no stranger to the primitive culture of Hellas.

The myth was born in ancient times, perhaps with the argument itself, was the story, and then assumed the existence of the word, the logos, that the Greeks were right, but also word.
The epic story was also poetic and solemn acts of kleos worth of fame. It was

kleos the heroes wanted, nothing else.

And the singer, poet or reciter, could give kleos.

The myth was not, however, the simple and pure tale.

was the story that came from a hero, a god, to be a particularly effective and iteratively.

The myth that God transformed \\ hero \\ situation in a warning, a didàskalos epic, a story uplifting and educational, so that over time it became independent and autonomous in relation to it.

word.

But are we really sure that it is definitely an attribute 'human'?

The Bible speaks a serpent to Eve.

And Eve replied.

How could the first woman to speak and have even do the same thing a reptile?

In fact, all the things, animals, plants 'talk', have their own language, but still a language. Talking

means to express an emotion, an idea, a concept not necessarily a complex and structured as what we Sausurre be explained by his linguistic theories.

For this reason, we suspect that the language is in fact always existed, the universal language, since human memory itself to apply the technical knowledge of ordinary language, transforming an object, person, idea into a 'intangible entity comparable to a generic abstract symbols. When

was born on language as we understand it, with sounds and words, then ordered grammatically and syntactically, it was because someone has intentionally linked to some of the sounds and meanings has convinced others to do likewise respecting sounds corresponding counterparts in similar meanings.

Opera is natural that man speaks or so but so

nature leave then you according to that v'abbella ...
...

Dante perceives the natural diversity and arbitrariness of language long before Sausurre.

If there were a universal ability to communicate, how would the baby to make people understand some of his needs so well, and the plants to communicate sensazioni ed emozioni, ed il Sole a renderci note certe transitorie atmosfere della giornata?

Ma poi un giorno un gruppo di mercanti babilonesi che avevano l'esigenza di controllare le merci escogitano un gruppo di segni dei quali si servivano per catalogare i pezzi e le unità di derrata.

E da quell'espediente è nato l'alfabeto greco, figlio del fenicio, e quello cumano, etrusco, osco, romano, cirillico ...

Economia.

Legge [url=http://www.zam.it/home.php?id_autore=3506]della casa.[/url]

Dalla legge per la sopravvivenza [url=http://www.zam.it/home.php?id_autore=3506]della casa.[/url]è nato il concetto di scambio e di commercio.

Dal commercio è nato lo strumento linguistico attuale, il sistema comunicativo per antonomasia:

l'alpha\bèto.

Tutto quanto Omero compose, lo compose a memoria.

E' probabile che non conoscesse l'alfabeto.

Nella sua mente la dea Mnemosyne, Memoria, agiva come se esistesse un sistema di scrittura universale, utile alla poesia, non ancora letteratura.

Omero era cieco.

Sembra incredibile, ma non potrebbe insegnare Greco in un nostro Ginnasio.

Per legge.

Il creatore della letteratura non conosceva alfabeto, creava con la Mente e pur essendo il Padre dei Poeti, nel nostro paese avrebbe fatto a profession other than teaching Greek letters.

But Plato says another in the Republic, about art, poetry.

E 'useless in the polis frivolous poet, in his works what does not teach, does not show, it warns.

Here come forward thinker in the greek the appearance, if not commercial, most of utilitarian culture, art. It seems early

the Gramscian concept of calligraphy and contenutivi and the distinction between an intellectual son of her class, organic, in his service, and a rather traditional, casual or not, depending on the necessary conveniences.

E 'became famous the term' crusade ' to indicate the attitude of the intellectual in no way compromise with the aspects and problems of structure, practices, materials, as Benedetto Croce for poetry, art, must not be confused with the practical, but must follow the way of intuition and aesthetic contemplation.


alouros

gramatikus




§ § § § § §




Poetry and structure, exactly, are the tracks of the art \\ poetry.

E 'structure all that is poured into the sea of \u200b\u200bmatter: economy, history.



§ E 'as poetry, which always has something to do with the transmission of knowledge, tende ad interessarsi delle verità più astratte e sublimi.

All'interno della poesia stessa è possibile vedere in opera questa dicotomia.

La teoria platonica della utilità dell'arte fu ripresa e sviluppata da un suo allievo:


§§
§


Aristotele



Nella Poetica questo grande studioso formula la teoria suggestiva della natura terapeutica dell'arte in generale, del teatro e più specificatamente tragico in particolare.

Assistendo allo spettacolo tragico lo spettatore incline alla commozione viene spinto a rinunciare agli atteggiamenti pericolosamente irrazionali e passionali della vita precedente ed a embark on the journey of life cancer.

And 'theory of the cathartic nature of the tragic theater and art in general.


L 'then art, poetry, activities are not in and of itself, strictly recreational, hedonistic, able only to distract from the problems, but take a real role as ethical, political and social factors such as cathartic, purifying, the same as Aristotle says, that catastematici, ie clearing, as would be defined later by the epicurean delights are not harmful.

art then, literature, may be apotropaic, while in aiscrologici aspects of the narrative of the painful and ugly, especially as tragedy and comedy, which is also subject to the dichotomy menandrea and Aristophanes, which is trivial or punished, ita ut tell me, as the expressive purity of comedy that contrasts with New menandrea realistically uninhibited comedy Old Aristophanes.

dichotomous difference that is reflected in the Italian context with severe Terence and Plautus, overwhelmingly realistic. The

metriòtes, the 'modus in rebus' Orazio, the measure, temperance Epicurean, was the chief virtue for Aristotle, and it will be for students of Epicurus.



§ § § § § §

Npcs Without Undergarments

@ Work on linguistic

Ekogramm @


Ekogrammatica



Gramkartaut


ecology grammar

§
Gramkartaut
xoomer Virgil




echogram
ecogrammatica
ekogramma
ekogrammatika

by
Ksantmo Ksant Homo Ksantomo




ecogrammatica
ekogrammatika
§


echogram
ekogramma




grammar
ecological ecology grammar
























§ § §
Gramkartaut
Grammar
Karta Charter School Autonomy Bill of Rights

entries on Google
§

** *


Grosseto
Aprilis 2006/2009

*

Gennaro Jacova
Louis Onussen
Ruphus Samnìs
Pietrabbondante
Pretavnniend
Ekogramm @



epos & kleos
logos kai melos
Antos echograms @
GldJ




ekogramm @
ekogrammatika
new grammar contextual
ecogrammatica
echogram




Gramkartaut

Ksant Homo
New Grammar & contextual
Ksantmo Ksant Homo
Ksantomo




Ekogramm @


Ekogrammatica



Gramkartaut


ecology grammar

§
Gramkartaut
xoomer Virgil




echogram
ecogrammatica
ekogramma
ekogrammatika

by
Ksantmo Ksant Homo Ksantomo




ecogrammatica
ekogrammatika
§ §

§ §
echogram
ekogramma

...

§
grammar grammar ecology ecological

§























§ § §
Gramkartaut
Grammar
Karta Charter School Autonomy Bill of Rights

entries on Google
§

** *


Grosseto
Aprilis 2006/2009
*
Gennaro Jacova
Louis Onussen
Ruphus Samnìs
Pietrabbondante
Pretavnniend
Ekogramm @


§
epos & leos
logos kai melos
Antos echograms @
GldJ


§ § § §

ekogramm @
ekogrammatika
new grammar contextual
ecogrammatica
echogram
§ §



Gramkartaut
§ §
Ksant Homo
new grammar contextual
& Ksantmo Ksant Homo
Ksantomo

§ § §




§ § § § § § §


References
confirmed

Philosophy contextual aesthetic
Grammar Context

Gramatik

Gramatikus

Grammarica Context
Gennaro of Jacova


NOTES ON LINGUISTIC
of Gennaro Di Gennaro lacovo
Jacova
Genni
Louis Onussen
Ruphus Samna's

Eskaton

Al Professor Arnaldo Couriers and my students of the Gymnasium.

"Why then blame me now, of having made part of my anxiety, and if I spingesti scongiurasti there yourself? Forseché in a desperate and deadly-fray in which I struggle, it would be in tune, you've the meantime you enjoyed? Or perhaps you would now be only campaigns joys, and not, more, sorrow? rejoice with the happy, yes, but with weeping tears, no? Between true and false friends there is no greater gap of AS-sociartisi false, nella fortuna, ma, i veri, nella sventura ».
(Abelardo ed Eloisa, Lettera V -
Alla Sposa di Cristo il suo servo -
A.F. Formiggini Editore, Roma 1927,
pagg. 113 segg.).

§§ §

Gramkartaut

Nuova Grammatica Contestuale

§§
§

Secondo Ferdinand de Sausurre « la materia della linguistica è costituita anzi¬tutto dalla totalità delle manifestazioni del linguaggio umano, si tratti di popoli selvaggi o di nazioni civili, di epoche arcaiche o classiche o di decadenza, tenendo conto per ciascun periodo not only the correct language and the "good language", but all forms of expression. It's not all: because the language quite often escapes observation, the linguist must take account of written texts, which will only let him know the languages \u200b\u200bof the past-or those far away.

The task of linguistics is a) make a description and history of all languages \u200b\u200bthat can be achieved, what is involved in making the history of language families and rebuild, to the extent possible, the native languages \u200b\u200bof each family; b) ¬ cer care forces in a permanent and universal at stake in all languages, and the general laws which can extract all the particular phenomena ricqrjdursi history; e) demarcate and define itself "(F. De Sausurre, Course in General Linguistics, Laterza, Bari 1979, p. 15).. Look at the
Mounin {Guide to linguistics, UE 626, Feltrinelli ed., Milan 1975, pp. 19 et seq.) That the 'language', defined as the scientific study of human language, is "a very ancient body of knowledge" and at the same time, "a very recent science," because it actually has a long tradition ¬ I scientiflco-culture behind it, although only recently has been sensational ¬ mind brought to the attention of a wider public, thanks to recent sociological and psychological systems expressive language. Before the
Indians, and then the Greeks. Finally, the Arabs have laid the groundwork for NA ¬ phonetic analysis of significant value, though much neglected for two millennia.
Certainly, we can take as a basic motivation of the birth of language need to communicate information and impressions formed by a being endowed with sensitivity and, perhaps, intelligence. Much later it was developed ¬ pata writing. To achieve this we had to guess which genius is pos ¬ sible to connect to another sign-graphic symbol-sound physical, and finally a one ¬ conventional significance. This led by degrees to those signs which we now call "let tere ¬ ', and whose function is to materialize the visibly suoni (fonemi).
I primi linguisti senza dubbio sono stati « gli uomini che hanno inventato e perfezionato la scrittura » (Meillet, in Mounin, op. cit.). Durante il Medio Evo, ac¬canto ad uno studio convenzionale e grammaticale, spiccano alcune intuizioni ori¬ginali e quasi anticipatrici di teorie ancora oggi attuali, come quelle di Dante, che esamineremo più oltre.
La riforma dell'ortografia, operata in tutta Europa e resa operante con l'inven¬zione della stampa, stimolerà lo studio della fonetica fino al secolo XVIII. Del XIV secolo sono le prime grammatiche delle lingue volgari. Guido Cavalcanti scrisse « una grammatica e un'arte del dire » sul volgare fiorentino (F. De Sanctis, Storia della letteratura italiana, Voi. I, pag. 56, Einaudi, 1958). Dal XVI secolo inizia lo stu¬dio delle lingue amerinde e nascono i primi dizionarì poliglotti. Si tentano le prime classificazioni linguistiche (Scaligero). Nel XVII e XVIII secolo la ricerca si esten¬de in ogni direzione: la fonetica progredisce con gli studi anatomici ed appas¬siona gli inventori delle stenografie e delle lingue artificiali, e gli educatori dei sordomuti.


Tuttavia resta insolubile il grosso problema dell'origine del linguaggio, malgrado le ipotesi proposte, tutte non sufficientemente attendibili o non verificabili, come quella dell'ebraico lingua madre. La scoperta del sanscrito, tra il 1786 e il 1816, segna una grande svolta in this field is demonstrated, with evidence indiscu ¬ ble, the relationship between Latin, greek, the Sanskrit language. Germanic, Slav and Celtic. Born, with attempts made by Franz Bopp to rebuild indoeuro ¬ ment in his case esesnziali, the comparative grammar. It was inspired, para ¬ gonando together the different languages, methods and principles of natu ¬ ral sciences. The languages \u200b\u200bare treated as living organisms, the study of language is applied, for nearly half a century, the biological method.
According to the grammarians 'natural' as Schleicher, who was also a botanist-naturalist ¬ nico, languages \u200b\u200bare born, grow and die like any living organism. And their old age inizia dal momento in cui si codificano nella scrittura.
Dagli studi linguistici comparativi, si sviluppa la linguistica storica, che nasce dall'esigenza di paragonare fra loro fenomeni linguistici verificatisi attraverso stadi progressivi d'una stessa lingua. Così la grammatica comparata da origine al¬lo studio della incessante evoluzione delle lingue. Questa trasformazione è rea¬lizzata tra il 1876 ed il 1886 dalla scuola dei neogrammatici, a cui si deve la si¬stemazione rigorosa del fonetismo arioeuropeo.
La fonetica detiene in questa fase una importanza predominante: riesce a spie¬gare la quasi totalità dei mutamenti linguistici.
Ci si rivolge anche alla nuova scienza: la psicologia, per spiegare la dinamica di alcuni fenomeni generali.
La lingua, studiata storicamente, non è più considerata un'entità suscettibile d'un'analisi biologica, ma piuttosto un'istituzione umana. La linguistica diviene, perciò, una scienza storica, e non appartiene più alla sfera delle scienze naturali.
Una nuova impostazione al problema linguistico sarà data da Sausurre (1857-1913), che interpreterà il linguaggio come una istituzione sociale. Come già si è accennato, compito fondamentale della linguistica è, per il Sausurre, quello di descrivere il maggior numero possibile di lingue storico-naturali e famiglie di lin¬gue sia nella loro funzionalità in un dato momento, sia nel loro divenire attraverso il tempo (studio synchronic or diachronic - "langue" or "words"), both from an internal point of view, both from a psycho-sociological, cultural, historical and, in general, "external".

§

Swiss linguist's theory, in practice, overturning the conventional approaches of linguistics. He states that the first stage of a science of language must be the study of its operation, "hic et nunc," and not that of its evolution. The historical linguistics should be put in second place, from a methodological point of view, more important than a descriptive linguistics. It is note ¬ que opposition between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.
The effort to understand the workings of language as a pure social insti ¬ there, here and now, leads the Sausurre to emphasize the notion of system. This, for him, is almost synonymous with the code. So "sign" for him, is no longer synonymous with the word, too general, and the concept of "chain par ¬ lata" becomes more important than that of "sentence." The term Sausurre used in this field is that of "unity." He wants to identify the actual units that make up the spoken chain. The tools we propose to study the code units that make up the messages, are structural analysis. For this reason, with him, opened the so-called strutturalismo ». '
La lingua, per il fondatore della moderna linguistica strutturale, « è il patri¬monio collettivo delle forme foniche "significanti", univocamente combinate con i relativi "significati". Questo'patrimonio di segni è organizzato in "sistema", in quanto ciascuno di essi deve la sua esistenza al fatto di entrare in certi rap¬porti con gli altri.
La "funzionalità" del sistema — ciò che lo rende uno strumento atto a funzio¬nare nei singoli atti di "parola" — è costituita appunto dalle opposizioni e corre¬lazioni intercorrenti tra i singoli elementi, i quali risultano individuati dai loro rap¬porti differenziali nei confronti degli elementi similari, rather than from their positive features "(R. D'Avino, a course in Introduction to Comparative

History of Classical Languages, Ed Kappa, Roma 1967, pp. 13 et seq.). So to really take a com ¬ term, one can not isolate it from the system to which it belongs
In this way, the Swiss linguist anticipates the results and findings due to studies of cultural anthropology, which sees language not as tied to a structure objective things, but as the creator of such facilities, according to the bi ¬ dreams of the company that puts and keeps it in place.
The language does have the ability to discriminate the meanings and experience in organizing fonìe or their graphical representations in meaning.
Sausurre distinguished in the linguistic phenomenon, something "objective" constant, "langue" and looks "subjective", detectable expression, the "words".
the "word" is that each speaker makes use of the linguistic heritage of its common expression ¬ ('langue').
The opposition between "langue" and "words" can be interpreted as that between abstract system and its individual material manifestations. That between paradigmatic and syntagmatic can be interpreted in terms of code and message, it many do pay a terminological distinction between structure (syntagmatic) and system (paradigmatic). (GC Lepschy, structural linguistics, PB, Einaudi, Torino 1966, p. 31)..
The principal agents of language change are identified in the phenomena of alternation, analogy and agglutination. After
Sausurre, I structuralism has taken several trends:
ontological structuralism (Chomsky) designs, anti-historical and natural ¬
statistically, structures sociolinguistichre as a product of biological
contained human qualities in his nature, and therefore believes it to be ' innate. "
Structuralism. historicizing: recognizes a product structures historically and tem ¬

Porale limited human action. Prague Structuralism (Jakob-
son e Trubeckoj) è stato ontologico e storicizzante.
Strutturalismo metodologico: concepisce le strutture solo come sistemi utili alla pre¬
sentazione ed alla catalogaziene dei fenomeni.

Strutturalismo. epistemologico: nel riconoscimento del carattere strutturato d'un campo

d'esperienza vede una necessità non derogabile della conoscenza umana.

Lo strutturalismo americano è stato soprattutto uno strutturalismo metodolo¬gico. Bloomfield, Harris, Hockett ed Hall ne sono i maggiori esponenti.
Poiché la lingua è un organismo in evoluzione, ci si offre la possibilità di un suo studio diacronico che ne colga l'evolversi temporale.

Sausurre privilegia However, as noted above, a secondary analysis of the linguistic phenomenon, based on the study of language in a particular historical moment, in order to describe the mechanism and the relationship between the elements that make up the system. Thus, while highlighting the arbitrariness of language, says that this feature is limited and regulated dail organic system.

whole system of language based on the irrational principle of the arbitrariness of the sign, so the meaning is attached to the signifier for a specific natural law, but on the basis of "arbitrary" chosen by the speaker.
This principle, applied without restriction, would with the maximum ¬ fusion.

The spirit is able to introduce a principle of order and regularity in certain parts of the mass of signs, and what is the role of reasons for it. (F. De Sausurre, Course of General Linguistics, Laterza, Bari 1972, p.. 159).
Only some of the signs are absolutely arbitrary. In other action, in ¬ stead, a series of relationships that limit the arbitrariness, leaving room for reasons that remain, however, still partial.


These relationships that determine the meaning of arbitrary signs are called paradigmatic (or 'associative'), since they define or refine the meaning within a same series (teaching, insegnamentp, indoctrination etc.). There are reports in absentia.

Other reports, however, help to define the meaning of a sign, and syntagmatic relations. Namely those that exist between a word and those that follow or precede the sentence.

The value of the word depends, therefore, also from the words of the cir ¬ seasoning in the spoken chain. It is, therefore, reports praesentia.
The systematic study of each basic unit of all its possible associated opposing ¬ tions (paradigmatic) or various syntagmatic relations, coincides with a consideration "synchronic" of language.
This translates into a " static language "that describes a particular state of the language. Sausurre for this is the "grammar".

This concept would go beyond the traditional grammar rules, based on rigorous classification of words (the "parts" of speech). You will reach a global vision ¬ bale, and systematic functional linguistic fact. The 'morphology' merges with the "syntax" and lexical study. Instead of starting from the elements lin ¬ statistical, is part of the system, having as its goal the discovery of how the functions and place in individual acts of the speaker. After the fruitful and brilliant insights of adrenal Sau ¬, - writes Lepschy GC (the structural linguistics, Einaudi 1966, pp. 37-39) - the structuralist tendencies can be characterized briefly co ¬ follows me, according to the theoretical guidance to them.

The School of Prague, and more recently A. Martinet, for their insistence on the functional values \u200b\u200bof linguistic structure and the real factors which the struc ¬ tion is made.

School of Copenhagen, and in particular the glossematics L. Hjemslev, for his insistence on the abstract nature of the language system, under which the individual interpreted van ¬ no material manifestations.
American linguistics, in particular for his taxonomic postbloomfieldiana for her based on that segmentation processes (of the continuum, the utterance in elementi minori di cui esso è composto) e di classificazione di tali elementi in base alle loro proprietà distribuzionali (in base cioè alle possibilità che tali elementi hanno di combinarsi fra loro, formando unità di ordine superiore sempre più complesse).

Le teorie generative, in particolare di Chomsky, elaborate a partire dalle diffi¬coltà contro cui si scontrava l'analisi linguistica tassonomica, introducono nel modello linguistico da esse elaborato, delle regole che consentono di generare (tutte e solo) le proposizioni ammesse in una certa lingua; si introducono in parti¬colare delle regole di trasformazione che consentono di generare intere categorie di proposizioni a partire da altre categorie of basic propositions (whose structure is established through procedures taxonomic).

transformational generative grammar consists of a block or com ¬ west central syntactic (a calculation, as they say with the terms of modern logic), on the one hand this is subject to a semantic interpretation (the semantic compo ¬ nent is which currently requires more processing); ¬ from the wing against the 'strings' end that it produces are, through the rules of the com ¬ phonological component, materialized in the chain of speech, messages that we perceive phonetic. A central position have the latest theories of Jakobson and Halle ¬'s mind, according to which component phonological you need an inventory of twelve 'distinctive tracks "that are truly universal language, co ¬ muni in any language.

Avram Noam Chomsky
port data and insights to levels determined Sausurre ¬ revolutionary mind. Linguistics, with him, he abandons any purpose simply classificatory (taxonomic language) to be interested mainly to reconstruct hypothetical models explicit language intended to clarify the linguistic data obser ¬ ergy. With him, we go towards a real understanding of theoretical linguistics, already drafted by structuralism.


The American linguist who seeks the forms of the profound reality of language, the distinction sausurriana reinterpretation of "langue" and "words" in terms of "competence" (the implicit knowledge, not aware that the speaker has its own language) and 'implementation' (the phrases that the speaker actually produces , which is manifested in its jurisdiction), and aims to define the compe ¬ Tenza language, that is, as he writes. "/ / Abstract system of rules under ¬ lies the verbal behavior of each speaker. Who speaks a language can pro ¬ duce, and include an almost unlimited number of sentences, most of which have never appeared before, and most probably will not reappear ¬ more.
Each speaker
"reinvent" the language. This creative aspect of human language, crucial to Chomsky, not sure why would a survey that was addressing the implementation - that is, a body di.testi necessarily finite - to extract, inductively, the system of rules that govern it.

Moreover, as noted by the experience of contemporary science, the collection, observation and classification of data does not guarantee us any generalization ¬ tion is scientifically valid, namely that it can predict new facts, as well as provide a plausible description of those already known. The formulation of a scientific theory always involves a risk. It is constructed using a limited number of experiences ¬ Committee, and then verified the facts, which are intended to reject it or accept ¬ Gere ("observational data are of interest to the extent that they have a bearing on the choice between two rival theories," Chomsky writes). These principles s'attiene linguist, when he tries to specify the rules that govern the jurisdiction lingusitica made some hypothetical models (grammars), and then comparing them with actual linguistic facts, which will decide what the most appropriate.

Unlike the European Structural Chomsky does not start from the smallest units of language, but the phrase. The task of guillemot grammar is the ability to enumerate tutte le frasi incontestabilmente grammaticali della lingua data, esclu¬dendo, per converso, quelle pure incontestabilmente non grammaticali (V. Boarini -P. Benfiglieli, Avanguardia e restaurazione, Zanichelli, Bologna 1976, pagg. 666 segg.).


In questo modo il fatto centrale nello studio del fenomeno linguistico è la in¬nata capacità che ha ogni parlante di produrre e di comprendere un numero gran¬dissimo di frasi, anche se non le ha mai prima d'allora ascoltate né pronunciate. Questa capacità produttiva e decodificatoria nell'ambito linguistico, la chiama dunque « competenza (linguìstica) » (= conoscenza implicita che ogni parlante ha della propria lingua). Tale sistema mental rules and standards in operating linguistically ¬ rants is encoded in the "grammar".
Chomsky tends to reduce the linguistic patterns of a set of rules applicable mechanical ¬ mind in the form of an algorithm (systematic procedure that allows you to reach the desired result with a well determined following ¬ sion of operations performed according to specific rules).

abandoning the claim to give conclusive judgments on the actual rules used by the speaker in language production, generative grammar, in essence, seeks to adjust, trying to define the mechanisms underlying reality to the actual conduct of the speakers. So it becomes a branch of psychology. It

cerca pertanto di ricostruire ipoteticamente e scientificamente la struttura di un meccanismo che ogni bambino ha riprodotto appropriandosi di un linguaggio in un determinato ambiente.
Questo meccanismo deve essere molto sistematico e ben coordinato, operante secondo schemi omogenei, se è vero che bambini di 2-3 anni sono già in grado di appropriarsene. Insomma, una grammatica è un meccanismo capace, pur essen¬do finito, di generare un insieme infinito di frasi grammaticali.
Il modello linguistico di base di cui Chomsky si serve per visualizzare i rapporti esistenti fra i costituenti (parole) della frase, è il « phrase marker » (indicatore della frase). Questo è anche definito « indicatore sintagmatico », disap ¬ poses as the syntagmatic-sentence into groups - ie groups of words that have a with ¬ held unit, and within each specific term categories (name, article

§

Fs (simple sentences)


GN (noun)
(article)

I1 man hits the ball

(Group amounts to Syntagma.

On 1 GN is the 'subject'.
The 2nd is the 'object).

etc.) and functions (subject, predicate, etc.)..
The constituent is the highest sentence. A first division results in an initial distinction between two phrases. The phrase or nominal group (GN] 'man' in the form of ¬ to article (or decisive) and name, and the phrase or the verb 'hit the ball. "The latter can be divided again in the other constituents: the verb," \u200b\u200bcol ¬ pisco, "and the second group (or 'term') par (GN) 'the ball."

The two GN can be broken down nemore ultimate constituents (words,' femi ¬ mor 'or, Martinet, monemes, ie unit minimum language with significant ¬ fied): GN =
man (or SN) = Art (or Determ.) + N (sogg. GN = 1) the ball = GN - Art + N (comp., ogg. GN = 2)

The "formula" of the phrase is simple, therefore, as follows: Fs = GN + GV.
Through the application of a set of "rewrite rules" leads to the charges ¬ constituents terminals:

GN + GV GV Art + Art + N + N + GN + N + Verb + Verb + GN + man + Verb GN + + + man + hit + man + Art + N + N + hits + the + man + the + ball hits
(E. Cavallini Bernacchi, language teaching, II Point-em editions, Mi lano ¬ 1975, P.. 84 and N. Chomsky, The structures of syntax, U. Laterza, Bari 1974, p. 36.).

(Note: 'rewrite rules' are of the general form X-> Y ¬ tarsi be construed as "rewrite X as Y'. Eg. F—» SN + SV (Frase = Sintagma (o Gruppo) Nominale + Sintagma Verbale).

Questo sistema permette — cosa che si nota facilmente — di visualizzare an¬che le differenze di struttura che possono generare ambiguità in frasi apparente¬mente simili.

Esaminiamo la frase seguente: una vecchia porta la sbarra.
una vecchia porta la sbarra


GN
GV


una vecchia porta

la sbarra


GN

§

una vecchia porta

la

sbarra

144
L'ambiguità è generata dal modo in cui si intende moneme the 'door': Name or Word
. :

In the first case the string will be categorical A + N + V + A + N.

The second is: A + Loc. + N + Pron. + V.

But there are sentences that remain ambiguous even after syntagmatic struc ¬ tural analysis of this type. For example, the phrase 'the teacher scares the child "is ambiguous because it can be taken either in the sense that the teacher performs some action that frightens the child, both in the sense that the child is frightened at the sight of the master sim ¬ ple.

In both cases the relationship is different between the "master" and "frightening." The program ¬ syntagmatic policy can not structurally distinguish the two interpretations. For both, in fact, the same tree is labeled:


GN


master



frightens the child


syntagmatic grammar does not know how to account for the intuitive relationship between an active sentence and the corresponding negative, interrogative or passive.

§


Transformational IL - This is why Chomsky introduces the rules "transformational." His grammar is so called "generative-Transformation-le." In this grammar, at first glance 'syntagmatic', which displays the deep structures of frasi, segue una seconda analisi che chiarifica le regole di trasformazione, determinando la struttura superficiale delle frasi, che coincide con la forma finale degli enunciati. Per esempio, alla struttura profonda « io ordino a te tu vieni » operano le trasformazioni che la mutano in: « ti ordino di venire ». La grammatica sintagmatica analizza solo la frase-base:
Fc (Frase complessa)

Fx ( Secondaria o Subordinata )
io ordino a
te tu vieni 0 0

Costruito il primo indicatore sintagmatico, si può procedere all'applicazione di ogni possibile trasformazione (interrogativa, esclamativa ed imperativa; negativa, passiva ed enfatica). La frase-base è "Declarative".
The positions of transformational generative grammar, as observed by the Bernacchi, are involved, a charge continues to the purposes and methods of traditional gram ¬ matic. While the latter (ch £ typically identify themselves with those schools) are anxious to give the speaker a set of rules that make its use appropriate language and Orthodox, the generative grammars assume the regularity of the language are already implicitly held by the speaker , in whose jurisdiction the contrary, they constantly use to assess their degree of ade ¬ adequacy.
The aim of these grammars, then, is not to provide the rules of the language, but to discover them by deducting uses concrete language. They deal not '¬ mark in the language, "but to investigate the mental processes that regulate the acquisition ¬ tion and language use, that is to formulate a system of rules allowing for ¬ mation of all possible sentences and instead exclude non-grammatical. They have therefore
educational intent, but scientific. Their purpose, as we light up ¬ born, is the construction of a theory of language.
Thus, these grammars reject all attitudes of infallibility and undeniable prerogative of traditional grammar. In this sense, while not assuming any educational purposes, the key enzymes contain generative grammar teaching. Le « regole » grammaticali si rivelano inutili in un doppio senso: da un lato perché l'insegnante dovrebbe abituarsi a non spiegare ai propri alunni i fenomeni della lingua, ma a cercarne invece insieme a loro diverse possibili spie¬gazioni; dall'altro perché ciascuno impara a parlare correttamente da" sé, purché venga esposto all'emissione di enunciati corretti, e purché non gli sì crei la paura di sbagliare.
In questo senso uno dei fondamentali compiti dell'insegnante riguardo all'ap¬prendimento linguistico resta quello di riprodurre e di incrementare la situazione naturale di conversazione, di scambio verbale spontaneo attraverso cui ogni bambino, senza che gli vengano insegnate regole, impara a parlare.
It will then, in varying degrees depending on the school level or bands
level within a class itself, taking its cue from these acts of co ¬ munication
to start thinking systematically about the characteristics of the use lin ¬
tic, so as to make everyone aware of the possible characters
¬ tics, the nature and possibilities of the instrument language (EC Bernacchi,
pp. 90-91).


§


DANTE PRECURSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES

- Dante's insights are chiarissima.attualità consideration of language as a "form" and 'sign' as 'free' recognition of becoming. languages \u200b\u200band am ¬ ricità of linguistic fact, the importance of the social factor in the evolution of languages, the notion of "language" as a linguistic community against a dialect different domain, the notion of common language as a conscious unification ten ¬ dence, which is realized through the teaching of art and the action of the prestige and political power.
good will briefly analyze some of these points, beautifully illustrated strdu-ud Antonino Pagliaro (A. Pagliaro, New Critical Essays on Semantics, the dot ¬ lace language of Dante, Publisher G. D'Anna, Messina-Firenze 1963, p. . 215 et seq.).

The language is, for Dante, proper and exclusive right to express words of man's intellect or the mind conceptiones.
The word is for him the "sign noise" as we understand it, "rational et sen ¬ sual" (De Vulgari Eloquentia, I, III, 2) has, that is, a sensitive, because the sound is object of sensation, and a spiritual reality, because the noise has a complex meaning which it is not inherent to natural necessity, but because the men I will give "sensual nam quid est in quantum est sonus; rationale true in quantum aliquid mean idetuz to placitum "(De VE I, III, 3) (And just this noble subjective sign is that I'm talking about): there is no ¬ because of sensitive, as is sound, and rational, because it seems to mean anything at will) (Dante Alighieri, all works, CL Blasucci, ed., Florence 1965, p. 205. b).

"It was necessary, therefore, that the human race to communicate his ideas to himself possessed of some rational and sensible sign; it, having to get by ra ¬ gion and reason lead was necessarily rational and not being able to d ' On the other hand report from a reason other than for sensitive medium, it was neces ¬ sarily sensitive. Therefore, if it was only rational, it could not switch between them; if it was only sensible, it could not receive by reason and reason to bring "(De VE I, III, 2).

are two essential points to be collected in this view. First of all recognition (five centuries before Sausurre) arbitrariness of the sign lan ¬ tic, namely freedom of speech as a complex of signs ¬ sarily be organized. This arbitrariness ("aliqujs placitum to mean ') is tied with Dante ¬ tion from the freedom inherent in the spirit [ratio], while animals that ob ¬ bediscono instincts are bound to communicate to certain acts or events emo ¬ tions (' for proprios actus vel passiones "- through his their acts or pas ¬ sions - De VE, I, III, 1).
The faculty of connecting sound and meaning is given to man by nature, but at ¬ tation, the mode of this connection is at the discretion of men, that there ¬ of liberty that is inherent in their rationale:


"Opera is natural that man speaks;
but so or so, then
nature leaves it up to you, depending on whether v'abbella"
(Paradiso XXVI, 130-132).


phonic skills to this common semantics, is in fact a variety of different languages.
To explain the formation of linguistic communities distinct, Dante uses the biblical tradition of the confusion of Babel, by interpreting it in a new and original ¬ nal.
The men who were intent like construction of the tower to the needs of their work, they created so many special languages \u200b\u200baccording to individual activities.
"Only those, in fact, that are common in a given transaction were to have the same language: one, for example, all architects, one who rolled the stones, one who prepared them, and so was all the workers. And quent were the forms of activity engaged in construction, in many languages \u200b\u200bthen divides the human race "(De VE I, VII, 7). Dante identifies the need to com ¬ munication, inerente al comune lavoro, la creazione di singole lingue speciali.

47 Pur senza staccarsi dalla base culturale tradizionale, costituita dalla Bibbia, egli aggiunge una nota nuova al mito ebraico, anticipando la moderna teoria « si-nergastica »'(greco: siunergàzomai = lavoro insieme) dell'origine delle lingue.

Sulle lingue europee, Dante pone quello che chiama « idioma tripharium » come lingua che ha dato origine alle tre lingue romanze a lui note: francese, provenzale ed italiano. Non dice, però, esplicitamente cosa sarà stato questo linguaggio che è alla base delle tre lingue neolatine. Non lo identifica, comunque, con il latino della tradizione colta.

Lo sviluppo of his argument necessarily leads to the notion of a language spoken in Latin literature, Latin Medieval caught using it would have been grammatical form.
And in the same way he understood the substantial unity of the idiom tripharium, of which the "language of yes", the "langue d'oil" and the "langue d'oc 'are different manifestations, Dante realizes also fundamental unity of the "language of yes" to the base of the dialects. In this way, then, comes to the determination of the com ¬ pean language, which is the basis of a dialect different domain, namely the "language" in the sense of 'historic' speech.

"As we act as Italians, we have some essential signs and habits and attitudes and language, against which we measure and weigh in Italian equities. It is precisely these that are the signs that are more perfect than the shares of the Italians, are not specific to any city in Italy and all are common among them we can now discern that the above vulgar went in search, which each city there is no hint in which established "(De VE I, XVI, 3-4). It should be noted that Dante puts the language on the same level of customs and institutions, which determines the character of a historic community.
We now know, and Dante had "! Ntuito, that the emergence a common language on a domain co ¬ dialect is different due to various circumstances, poly ¬ cies and cultural speech patterns that give the prevalence of a region, a city or even a class. This is what happened to the Koine Greek, affirmed the pre ¬ Stygian political and cultural center of Athens, this is what happened for the Italian, the French, German. Dante

But there was, as we are we now a fait accompli, and his insights anticipated the future, predicting the likely development potential of certain language.
If the Italian language has its essence in a few key characters. • • earliest signa, "the illustrious vernacular, that is the common language, there can be only through the unveiling of these characters and adapting them to each speaker's attitude, not including the deformed and deviated from the correct language. It seems clear that Dante

see linguistic unification ¬ tion creates a work of national and popular collective work and research and conscious patient by a minority of intellectuals. using art, a gentle and refined taste and the support of an appropriate policy environment, to give uniformity and size to use language, keeping, however, true to its basic genetic markers.


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conclusion, the new elements introduced by the Treaty of speculation against Dante's language and ancient forerunners of modern linguistic doctrines ¬ tics are as follows: considerations of language as a "form" (ie consisting of the word in its necessary relationship between sound and meaning and how to organize the words in the phrase of the delimitation Piano Piano syntagmatic and paradigmatic) and "sign" as "free" (arbitrariness of language, for Sausurre) recognition of becoming language and the historicity of the fact-linguistic; relief factor of social and political concept of 'language' as' linguistic co ¬ Communion » nei confronti di un dominio dialettalmente differenziato; nozione di lingua come tendenza cosciente all'unificazione, che si attua attraverso il magistero dell'Arte e il prestigio e l'azione del potere politico.
I 48
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Bladder Capillaries Burst

creative

and enough to give him to the Vatican conservatives, associations of parents who battered boxes that talk show on sex.

now the complaint is art.



The Brighton Port Authority - Toe Jam

behind the project "The Brighton Port Authority is Norman Cook, aka Mighty Dub Katz, Pizzaman, or for friends Fatboy Slim. Mr. Cook is now musically out of my pens, but you must admit k is an eclectic artist. actually this post is only meant to make you appreciate the original idea of \u200b\u200bthe video, the devil Grassoragazzo Skinny ...